Showing posts with label Capitalism Vs. Socialism. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Capitalism Vs. Socialism. Show all posts

Sunday, August 23, 2026

On Socialism and Democracy

This Post appeared on the Facebook page of The Federalist Papers:


DSA [Democratic Socialists of America] Co-Chair Megan Romer did Americans a favor by saying the quiet part out loud.


“We will win by making conditions so intolerable to the ruling class that they would rather give in to our demands than live with the disturbance we cause until we are able to fully seize power ourselves.” [Confirmed]


Read those words again.


This is not a call to persuade voters, win honest debates, or pass legislation through the normal democratic process. It is a declaration that socialists intend to deliberately make life intolerable until people surrender to their demands.


That is what socialists do.


They create disruption, resentment, fear, and economic pain, then present themselves as the solution to the misery they helped produce. The objective is not peaceful coexistence. The objective is power.


Americans should take this threat seriously.


When political activists block roads, occupy buildings, intimidate workers, interfere with law enforcement, destroy property, or attempt to shut down ordinary life, government officials cannot continue treating it as harmless protest. Peaceful protest is a constitutional right. Coercion, vandalism, threats, and organized lawlessness are not.


Anyone who crosses that line should face arrest, prosecution, jail, civil liability, and every other lawful consequence available.


There can be no special exemption because the people causing the disruption claim to be pursuing “social justice.” A crime committed for socialism is still a crime.


The most revealing portion of Romer’s statement is the desire to “fully seize power.” That phrase should destroy the comforting fiction that the DSA is merely seeking a slightly larger welfare state. [My emphasis]


America was founded on limited government, private property, individual liberty, religious freedom, and the right of citizens to live without being ruled by an all-powerful political class.


Socialism attacks every one of those principles.


You cannot claim to love America while working to eliminate the freedoms that make America worth loving. You cannot praise democracy while planning to make life intolerable until your opponents submit.


Believe them when they tell us what they intend to do.


What consequences should people face when political disruption crosses the line into intimidation, destruction, or organized lawlessness?


Source: Commentary magazine, “The Misery Strategy”


The Federalist Papers followed this up in the comments with;


The people calling themselves the enemies of the “ruling class” rarely intend to surrender power once they obtain it. 


This is true. Although the “Democratic” in Democratic Socialism refers to totalitarian democracy—the hideous idea that the right to vote is the most fundamental right that confers on elected politicians unlimited power to do as they please without restraint because they are elected—that same democracy that got Socialism elected can work in reverse, throwing the Socialists out of office. So while the Democratic Socialists (or any dictatorship) will claim their despotic policies are legitimate because instituted democratically, they’ll never submit their rule to voters for continuing validation. After HAMAS won election in Gaza under President Bush’s “Forward Strategy of Freedom,” it immediately canceled all future elections. 


That is why, once in power, the DSA will never allow free and fair elections. They will never allow themselves to be voted out of power. They will either abandon elections altogether or allow only rigged elections (Their advocacy for public funding of elections is a step in that direction). This has been true of Socialism from Vladimir Lenin to Nicolas Maduro. Why? Because elections require certain individual rights—rights to free speech and press, private campaign financing, dissent and opposing ideas, honest debate, association, one-man-one-vote, and so on. For Socialists, it’s not only about power. It’s about principle. They are collectivists. As the 20th Century Socialist Robert L. Heilbroner acknowledged, individual rights fundamentally conflict with Socialism’s collective moral goal—central planning—and thus cannot be allowed. 


Heilbroner, a leading Socialist intellectual and best-selling socialist writer of the 20th century, had no illusions about what Socialism requires. In a Dissent magazine essay titled What is Socialism, Heilbroner wrote:


The rights of individuals to their Millian liberties [are] directly opposed to the basic social commitment to a deliberately embraced collective moral goal… Under socialism, every dissenting voice raises a threat similar to that raised under a democracy by those who preach antidemocracy.


In  The Nature and Logic of Capitalism by Heilbroner wrote; 


Political freedom in modern times has only appeared in capitalist states. Democratic liberties have not yet appeared in any nation that [is] fundamentally anti-capitalist, which is to say within the self-styled Marxist ambit. The . . . separation of realms [politics and economics] creates the essential conditions for political freedom because the state cannot enforce its will though economic sanctions, such as denying work to political dissidents.


Heilbroner also noted that “democratic liberties have not yet appeared, except fleetingly, in any nation that has declared itself to be fundamentally anticapitalist.”


Bolshevik  Communist Vladimir Lenin, the first head of the Soviet Union, banned all other parties and oppositions, internal Communist Party factions, an independent press, and free, fair, and open elections, on the principle that open dissent acted as a counter-revolutionary danger. Socialists use the liberties of free, Capitalist-oriented nations to come to power, then ban those liberties. Socialists can exploit capitalism’s “tolerance of dissent” to gain power, Heilbroner explains in What Is Socialism?, but then must not allow dissent to undermine their power. Once in power, socialists must understand that


Dissents, disagreements, and departures from norms then assume a far more threatening aspect than under bourgeois society, for they hold out the possibility of destroying the very commitment to a moral consensus by which socialist society differs from capitalist.


Nor can we wriggle off this hook by asserting that, among its moral commitments, socialism will choose to include the rights of individuals to their Millian liberties. For that celebration of individualism is directly opposed to the basic socialist commitment to a deliberately embraced collective moral goal.


We can also dispel the delusion that Socialist rule can be anything but total. I quote Heilbroner from What Is Socialism? Page 344:


Socialists have always railed against the invidious striving of the market that forces individuals to subordinate their full personalities to narrow economic roles. Moreover, it is not only the motivations of capitalists that are at stake. . . The issue is the motivation of working people. For the market mechanism is not merely a means to profit. It is also a means to individual betterment by the maximization of one's income. Without this drive, the mechanism will not work. 


But is the drive for private gain compatible with the goal of socialism? I do not see how it can be. The market system, in order to function, requires attitudes of self-seeking that are in direct conflict with the goal of an "other-oriented" society. If socialism seeks to avoid both the anarchy and alienation of capitalism, it must seek to break the hold of the market, not merely over the economy but over the mind.' [Emphasis added.]


Get that? “. . . over the mind,” not only of capitalists but of working people. This is what Socialists mean when they express concern for the “working class”—to break their minds, and spirits, so as to make them “other-oriented” rather than strivers for self-betterment.


This dispels the notion that Socialism is for “working people.” This dispels the notion that Socialism is “only about economics.” Note, again, Romer’s choice of words—”until we are able to fully seize power ourselves.” fully seize power. Clearly, she’s not referring to elective power, which in America is limited. She’s referring to the day after the Democratic Socialists win electoral control of the presidency and Congress—at which point, Hitler style, they end the Constitutional checks on government power, abandon the Declaration of Independence, and establish—seize—full despotism, thus ending rightful liberty in America. That’s why there has never been—not in Soviet Russia; not in Red China; not in Castro’s Cuba; not in North Korea; not in modern Venezuela; not anywhere full Socialism has been established—anything but one-party totalitarianism under Socialism—and philosophically and logically never can be.



RELATED:


QUORA: ‘Would socialism be constitutional in the U. S.?’


Socialism's Totalitarian Nature Cannot Be Obscured by 'Democratic Socialism'


QUORA: ‘Is capitalism voluntary?’


Ralph Peters: “Mesmerized by Elections, We Forgot Freedom”, my essay for The Objective Standard


Mesmerized by Elections, the NJ Star-Ledger Forgot that Tyranny is Tyranny


Democratic Socialism: The Left Escalates America’s Journey to Totalitarianism


Socialism vs. Welfare Statism: Why These Terms Matter


Thursday, November 27, 2025

On the Trump/Mamdani 'Lovefest'

 My FB Post:


“For all the hype of a conflict, President Trump and New York City's next mayor, Zohran Mamdani, had a surprising bond when they met Friday in the Oval Office: populist outsiders, lovers of the Big Apple, and two politicians who each want what the other has.” -- Axios


This is no surprise to me. Donald Trump has once again shown his true ideological orientation, this time in the most dramatic fashion—a “lovefest” with the openly Democratic Socialist Zohran Mamdani. Like Mamdani, Trump is fundamentally a collectivist. Collectivism is the foundation of Socialism, whether of the Fascist or Communist variety. 


It’s instructive that, after his meeting with Trump, which he characterized as “productive,” Mamdani reiterated his belief that Trump is a Fascist. Indeed, as Axios reported on “Why it matters: For a few minutes, Mamdani — whom Trump had called a communist — and Trump, whom Mamdani had called a fascist, gave a glimpse of how they might find common ground . . .“ Common ground, indeed! Whether or not Trump is a full-blown Fascist or Mamdani is a full-blown Communist, the fact remains that Fascism and Communism are, as the great champion of The Enlightenment Steven Pincker has observed, “fraternal twins.” No wonder the meeting went so well—these 2 are kindred spirits--Socialist at the core. 


Trump, remember, is a life-long New Yorker and Democrat. He and Mamdani both praised FDR, whose Constitution-upending New Deal mimicked Fascism, not Communism. Trump is also a Teddy Roosevelt admirer. TR was the Progressive who ran on the Republican label because he believed he couldn’t win as a Democrat. Like TR, Trump hijacked the Republican Party because he knew he wasn’t Leftist enough to win as a Democrat.


Please don’t tell me that this meeting is a mere pragmatic political ploy. Trump has given Democratic Socialism a nation-wide credibility and prestige it could never have earned on its own. This is how totalitarian Socialism comes to America—not on merits it doesn’t have, but by supposed Capitalists (which Trump is not) granting it a legitimacy it doesn’t and can never deserve. True, they are still political adversaries, and will probably butt heads in the future. But it will be superficial, not fundamental. Trump has pushed the Republican Party sharply to the Left, helping to pave the way for the Mamdani’s of the Democratic Party.


Related Reading:


Zohran Mamdani and Donald Trump Prove That There Are Two Paths Toward Socialism by J.D. Tuccille for Reason


Will Trump’s “State Capitalism … a Hybrid Between Socialism and Capitalism” Make America Great Again? by Michael Chapman for Capitalism Magazine and The Cato Institute


Related Viewing:

Reason on "Republican Socialism" -- Trump Embraces Mamdani Socialism as 'Practical'

Tuesday, November 18, 2025

The Foundations of Democratic Socialism Must Be Repudiated

In my last post, A Criminal Wins in NYC, I wrote:


As to why so many supposed “Americans” can turn to an ideology so diametrically opposed to Americanism, and what can be done to stop it, that is a discussion for another time.


Well, this is the time.


From CNN’s Democratic socialism, according to Zohran Mamdani


There’s a fair amount of confusion and fear generated in the US by the term “socialist,” which is associated with repressive societies like Communist China, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, USSR, North Korea or Cuba.


Communism, as expressed in “The Communist Manifesto,” supports the idea that there will be a class war in which private property and the means of production are seized for the public good. Think “Animal Farm.”


Democratic socialism does not support the notion of a class war and instead pursues socialist goals through democratic means.


“And,” Mamdani says, “I think ultimately, the definition for me of why I call myself a democratic socialist is the words of Dr. [Martin Luther] King decades ago. He said, call it democracy or call it democratic socialism. There must be a better distribution of wealth for all of god’s children in this country.” [sic]


Note that Mamdani does not repudiate the idea that “private property and the means of production are seized for the public good.” A government that can seize the means of production—all businesses, land, jobs, investments, etc.—is a totalitarian state. He just thinks that it should be done by “democratic means.” Does it matter? No. Whether by violent class war or “peaceful” elections, tyranny is still tyranny. But what principles justify such a criminal system? Yes, socialism attracts the seekers of the unearned, the envious, the powerlusters, the haters of the good. Those types have always existed. But what enabling factors bring these scoundrels into power?


Equality


Democracy


Altruism


Equality is unnatural. Human life is fundamentally individual. Each of us billions of people are unique, and so in a free society individual outcomes and conditions will naturally vary widely. Inequality is the iron law of human nature. When you hear economic inequality being presented as a problem for the government to “solve,” you are encountering a rebellion against nature itself. Thus, to get any kind of equality of outcome or condition, such as  “a better distribution of wealth,” the state must have totalitarian power over everyone’s lives, work, earnings and wealth. Note the precision of the Founding Fathers: The Declaration of Independence does not say “All men are equal.” It says “All men are CREATED equal”—meaning only at birth, equally free TO PURSUE their own values, goals, fortunes and happiness based on the rights to life and liberty, and to own whatever they achieve. But socialists believe life conditions, not individual rights, must be equal. There is no value in such equalities of outcome—which contradicts human nature—and no justice. If socialists are to be stopped, it is this version of equality that must be challenged and repudiated, because such a violation of natural law can only be imposed by at the point of ba gun.


Democracy is a manifestation of totalitarianism. It holds that elected officials can do whatever they please with everyone's lives and properties and for whatever goals they deem desirable. But do not confuse Democracy as a social system with the democratic process. in a free society like America’s, elections decide on political leaders, but the government’s powers are limited to protecting individual rights, and thus everyone’s freedom and properties are protected from schemes such as Mamdani’s. America is a constitutionally limited Republic with a democratic PROCESS, not a Democracy. If the Mamdanis and his ilk are to be stopped, it is Democracy that must be challenged and repudiated. 


Altruism is the moral theory that every individual is duty-bound to self-sacrificially serve the needs of others before himself. That morality is the heart, the soul, and the justification of socialism. That’s why it’s called SOCIALism; you owe your life to the collective, not to yourself. Capitalism is based on the opposite, the morality of rational self-interest, which holds that the individual has a moral right to make his own life the best it can be as long as he respects the same moral rights of others. This is the meaning of the most individualist political phrase ever, the inalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. To its glory, that is the heart and soul of Capitalism.


Politically, the difference between Socialism and Capitalism is the difference between a totalitarian state and a free, rights-protecting government—in other words, between a Communist China, USSR, North Korea or Cuba, and a United States of America. To protect a free America from a Socialist America, be it Communist or Mamdani-style Democratic Socialist, it is Equality, Democracy, and Altruism that we must recognize as evil, and thoroughly repudiate.


If you think I am overstating Mamdani’s danger, then here’s more.


From Reason’s  Mamdani Teaming Up With Lina Khan Paints a Grim Picture of What's To Come


During his victory speech, Mamdani—a democratic socialist—opined that there's "no problem too large for government to solve, and no concern too small for it to care about."


That's a disturbingly totalitarian view of the role of the state.


Indeed. That mindset puts every aspect of our lives in the crosshairs of our government. The Washington Post elaborates in Zohran Mamdani drops the mask


The mayor-elect divides New Yorkers into two groups: the oppressed and their oppressors.


A new era of class warfare has begun in New York, and no one is more excited than Generalissimo Zohran Mamdani. Witness the mayor-elect’s change of character since his Tuesday election victory.


Mamdani ran an upbeat campaign, with a nice-guy demeanor and perpetual smile papering over a long history of divisive and demagogic statements. New Yorkers periodically checking in on politics could understandably believe that he simply wanted to bring the city together and make it more affordable. That interpretation became much harder after his victory speech.


Across 23 angry minutes laced with identity politics and seething with resentment, Mamdani abandoned his cool disposition and made clear that his view of politics isn’t about unity. It isn’t about letting people build better lives for themselves. It is about identifying class enemies — from landlords who take advantage of tenants to “the bosses” who exploit workers — and then crushing them. His goal is not to increase wealth but to dole it out to favored groups. The word “growth” didn’t appear in the speech, but President Donald Trump garnered eight mentions.


People’s lives, in Mamdani’s world, can be improved only by government: “We will prove that there is no problem too large for government to solve, and no concern too small for it to care about.” The crowd cheered, of course, but a thinking person might wonder whether it’s good for the institution that has a monopoly on violence to insist that nothing is beyond its purview.


Mamdani says he’s not a Marxist. But this is pure Marxism


Now, here’s more from CNN’s Democratic socialism, according to Zohran Mamdani


Mamdani quoted the most famous American socialist, Eugene Debs, in his acceptance speech Tuesday night and talked about doing more for “working people” as opposed to the rich.


It’s worth reading a bit more from Debs’ remarks.


DEBS: I believe, Your Honor, in common with all Socialists, that this nation ought to own and control its own industries. I believe, as all Socialists do, that all things that are jointly needed and used ought to be jointly owned — that industry, the basis of our social life, instead of being the private property of a few and operated for their enrichment, ought to be the common property of all, democratically administered in the interest of all…


I am opposing a social order in which it is possible for one man who does absolutely nothing that is useful to amass a fortune of hundreds of millions of dollars, while millions of men and women who work all the days of their lives secure barely enough for a wretched existence.


Given that Capitalist fortunes are made by brilliant entrepreneurs providing values to millions and millions of average consumers—the people who work the jobs created by the talented fortune builders—it’s shocking that Debbs and his ilk are not radicals for Capitalism. But of course, common to all socialists is envy, powerlust, and hatred of productive achievers. They don’t give a damn about the “millions of men and women who work all the days of their lives.”


It’s that notion of seizing the means of production to which Mamdani’s fiercest critics have pointed. In comments he made on a recorded session for student activists with Young Democratic Socialists of America in 2021, he said that was the “end goal” of socialists like him.


The “end goal”—totalitarianism. This is Marxism. This is Communism. This is Zohran Mamdani. This is what is taking hold in America, under the brand Democratic Socialism.


I rest my case.


Related Reading:


The Passion of Socialists by Craig Biddle


Democratic Socialism: The Left Escalates America’s Journey to Totalitarianism


Socialism vs. Welfare Statism: Why These Terms Matter


Democratic Socialism: The Rise of the Pigs


Socialism's Totalitarian Nature Cannot Be Obscured by 'Democratic Socialism'


Democracy Fundamentalism vs. Americanism


A Socialist Confirms that the Basics of ‘True’ Socialism is Totalitarianism


The Myth of the Ill-Informed, Well-Intentioned Socialist


What is Capitalism? By Ayn Rand

Thursday, August 28, 2025

Trump's policies are fascism

 QUORA: "What term do you think best describes Trump's attempts to control the U.S. economy — state capitalism, fascist capitalism, or is there another term?"

My answer:

Neither “state capitalism” nor “fascist capitalism.” Both are logically invalid terms because Capitalism by definition means the absence of government interference into—or control of—the economy (i.e. the separation of economics and state). Trump’s policies are, in fact, straight-up socialism of the fascist, as opposed to the Communist, variety.

Related Reading:

QUORA: ‘Is fascism a form of capitalism?’

The Capitalist Manifesto by Andrew Bernstein

Tuesday, April 22, 2025

Pope Francis, the Anti-Capitalist Marxist, is Dead—Good Riddance

 Pope Francis, the Anti-Capitalist Marxist, is Dead—Good Riddance


Pope Francis, the arch enemy of property rights and individualism*, and thus Capitalism, freedom, and prosperity, is dead. I’m tempted to say good riddance, except that the Vatican will likely appoint another Marxian Communist. Why? Because Francis merely reiterated the Catholic Church’s long-held teachings. 


But why would the Church hold to its hostility to a social system that has established the conditions for people to work their way out from poverty? Can Francis really be ignorant of the available facts, empirical evidence, basic economics, or philosophical underpinnings of Capitalism, or of the disastrous history of Capitalism’s antipode in practice, collectivism? 


I think not. The Catholic Church, as an institution, has a vested interest in poverty. When the Church ruled for centuries, what we now call the Dark and Middle Ages, poverty reigned, by design. It is only with the arrival of modern capitalism that general living standards exploded. Over the past 250 years, the Church had a front row seat to observe the rising prosperity, backed up by mountains of literature explaining the theoretical and empirical economic causes of the prosperity. How can any Pope deny these facts? Can the learned leader of an institution that has been around for 2000 years and has seen it all really be so ignorant of the reality of free market economics and the bloody record of collectivism? No. So why Francis’ trade against Capitalism? Easy. “The poor” is the Catholic Church's base. Poverty and Church power are linked.


More fundamentally, poverty and Church morals are linked. If handouts to the poor trumps property rights, then the unearned trumps the earned. If poverty is the standard of morality, where does a social system that diminishes poverty based on individual self-determination leave the Catholic Church? Obsolete. The Church doesn’t care about people who work their way up from poverty. They only care about moving the wealth from those who do to those who don’t. The standard of Catholic moral teaching is self-sacrificial giving. If the ranks of those in need are shrinking, who’s left to give to? Who’s left to be the “champion” of? Poverty, not prosperity, is the Church’s moral standard. Given Capitalism’s record in practice, where does that leave the centuries of Church moral teaching about giving to the poor? 


Francis is the latest in a line of anti-Capitalist Catholic Popes. His demotion of property rights is not new. When Francis says  “the right to private property can only be considered a secondary natural right, derived from the principle of the universal destination of created goods (Fratelli Tutti),” he is reiterating Pope Paul VI in his 1967 Encyclical Populorum Progressio who advanced the totalitarian principle that the “public authorities” must coercively ensure that “created goods should flow fairly to all,” emphasizing that  “All other rights, whatever they may be, including the rights of property and free trade, are to be subordinated to this principle.” Francis is clear that this is not just moral teachings, but must be legally enforced:


The right to private property can only be considered a secondary natural right, derived from the principle of the universal destination of created goods. This has concrete consequences that ought to be reflected in the workings of society. Yet it often happens that secondary rights displace primary and overriding rights, in practice making them irrelevant. [my emphasis]


The record of these principles is a record of grinding economic collapse, crushing tyranny, and rivers of blood. How could any champion of the poor subscribe to them? Because the Pope does not want to “help” the “underprivileged people.” He wants to preserve their misery and expand their ranks**. Poverty is virtue, and the most virtuous act one can perform is to take a vow of poverty. That’s why the Church hates capitalism. That’s why Pope after Pope condemns Capitalism. We can explain how Capitalism works until we’re blue in the face. It doesn’t matter to the Church, and never has. Why? Because it’s not whether Capitalism works or how it works. The problem is that it works--works to facilitate man’s escape from poverty. 


And they’re smart. No, Francis doesn’t attack Capitalism directly. He just attacks “unfettered Capitalism.” He just attacks Capitalism’s Heart and Soul. He attacks capitalism at its root--profit-seeking, property rights, free trade, individualism, and the ethics of rational self-interest. 


Francis is not ignorant. He’s a Marxist (“the principle of the universal destination of created goods,” or, “From each according to his ability, to each according to his need”) and a communist (“[W]e need to think of ourselves more and more as a single family dwelling in a common home.”) and an altruist (“[I]f one person lacks what is necessary to live with dignity, it is because another person is detaining it.”). Francis knows exactly what he is saying. And he means it. Francis and the Church are not misguided souls. They are Capitalism’s—and thus the poor’s—arch enemies as much as Communism is. This fact must be explicitly acknowledged by Capitalism’s champions. 


* [“Individualism does not make us more free, more equal, more fraternal. The mere sum of individual interests is not capable of generating a better world for the whole human family. Nor can it save us from the many ills that are now increasingly globalized. Radical individualism is a virus that is extremely difficult to eliminate, for it is clever. It makes us believe that everything consists in giving free rein to our own ambitions, as if by pursuing ever greater ambitions and creating safety nets we would somehow be serving the common good.”—FRATELLI TUTTI, P. 105. Note Francis’s disdain for “safety nets” as any kind of solution. Clearly, he’s not satisfied with mixed economy welfare statism. What’s the alternative? Full blown totalitarian socialism.]


** [C. Brad Thompson concurs: “Christian empathy and guilt are also wrapped in a curious paradox: if alleviating poverty and suffering are the goals of Christian ethics and if capitalism (the system based on self-interest) is the economic system that makes that possible, what then is left of the Christian ethic if the ethic of self-interest and capitalism eliminates poverty and much suffering? There would then be no need for the Jesus’s moral teaching. It would seem then that Jesus’s moral teaching is thus stuck between a moral rock and a political hard place. Capitalism reduces poverty and thus reduces the need for the Christian ethic, while socialism increases poverty and thus incentivizes and fulfills the Christian teaching.” 


Related Reading:


Jesus and the Philosophy of Selflessness by C. Bradley Thompson for The Redneck Intellectual


Pope Francis’s Anti-Capitalism is No Misunderstanding


Catholic Social Doctrine is both Socialist and Statist


How the Catholic Church Paved the Way for the Birth Control Mandate


Pope Francis’s Embrace of Anti-Fossil Fuel Agenda Follows From Church’s Anti-Capitalism


The Illegitimacy of Pope Francis's “Legitimate Redistribution” of Wealth—Natalie Ogle for The Objective Standard


Pope Francis: Prosperity, Liberty, and Climate Change are the Common Enemy


Pope Francis’s ‘Authority’ Stems From The Church’s Authoritarian Self-Image


Climate Alarmism and the Catholic Church; Faith-Based Allies in the War on Prosperity


The Tragedy of Theology: How Religion Caused and Extended the Dark Ages: A Critique of Rodney Stark’s The Victory of Reason by Andrew Bernstein for The Objective Standard